John Stuart Mill
On Liberty
Chapter IV: Of the Limits to the Authority of Society over the Individual
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OBJECTIVE PART
J.S. Mill, in his panoptic essay On Liberty, more specifically in Chapter 4, discusses the appropriate direct of authority that parliamentary procedure should have over the individual. He starts by rejecting the idea of social contract previously founded by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, doubting Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, yet acknowledges the rights and duties concept by stating that Though partnership is not founded on a contract, []every one who receives the protection of society owes a return for the benefit [] In each persons posture his share (to be fixed on some equitable principle) of the labours and sacrifices incurred for defending the society or its members from injury and molestation. These conditions society is warrant in enforcing at all costs to those who endeavour to observe fulfilment. (parag 3)
Mill also offers a distinction in the midst of punishment by law and punishment by vox populi. He admits that some acts are hurtful to others, but not to an conclusion as to justify government intervention.
In these cases, public opinion whitethorn be punishment enough: The acts of an individual may be hurtful to others, or wanting in overdue consideration for their welfare, without going the length of violating any of their constituted rights. The wrongdoer may indeed be justly punished by opinion, though not by law. (parag 3)
Mill then clarifies that he believes in the virtues of goodwill and in personal intervention on behalf of others. What he opposes is just governmental efforts to require such behaviour from people. He encourages individuals to take a free opening night to help others to get back on the right skip over: It would be well, indeed, if this good office were much more freely rendered than the common notions...
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