Deaths of Saladin in 1193 and Richard in 1199-END OF THE CRUSADES

But after the passage of Richard the Lionheart from Syria, the crusading movement never once more achieved comparable vigor, nor ever again came comparably close to success.

The deaths of both Richard and Saladin were surrounded with great irony. That skirt Saladin's death in 1194 revolves around not its circumstances simply its timing. Saladin died at the height of his achievements. In the last decade of his life, he had dealt decisive blows to the Frankish power in Syria, breaking the array power of the Franks at Hattin, reconquering Jerusalem itself, and finally repulsing the Third Crusade. What whitethorn be cal lead the destructive phase of his programthe ejection of the Franks from Syriawas accomplished. The rehabilitative phase that might have followed, the creation of an enduring Ayyubid dynasty and democracy embracing Egypt and Syria, and thus unifying the heartland of the Islamic world, was cut short short by his death.

Saladin had never been a physically broad-shouldered man, and by the age of fiftyfive he was worn- turn up out and prematurely aged.3 He was also worn out politically. In the words of a modern writer of Arab back background knowledge, "he bore scant resemblance to the charismatic hero of Hittin (sic). His indorsement over

We may straight turn to a brief summary review of the ground covered in this study. In Chapter One, we gave an account of the Battle of Hattin, which smashed the fate of the Christian Kingdom of Jerusalem and ultimately of the crusading example as a whole. We then briefly outlined the developments that led up to the battle, and the subsequent course of the war that led to the lapse of Jerusalem and other inland Christian strongholds.

8John Gillingham, Richard the Lionheart (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1978), 216.

Nevertheless, Saladin's general gestate of the war against the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade was famous for its mercy and generosity, most of all in his treatment of Christians in Jerusalem after it fell to him, a treatment that contrasts dramatically with that of the Christians in the First Crusade. The roots of Saladin's behavior were not chivalric, notwithstanding; chivalry in the Western sense was no mathematical function of his value system. It was instead Islamic values that Saladin championed. As successor to Zangi and Nur alDin, Saladin adopted their Islamic program. So far as we can tell, he seems also to have "internalized" it; his conduct suggests that he adopted Islamic values not simply as a political ploy, but as deeply held ad hominem standards. It was with good reason that Baha ehDin saw in Saladin a peer of the first four Caliphs.18

of a gaudy bauble' crowd together Brundage's phrase. It was

Gillingham, John. Richard the Lionheart. London: Weidenfeld and

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